Table 2

Adjusted prospective associations (unstandardised and standardised regression coefficients) between witnessing total, covert, minor and major school violence at age 13 and internalising problems, externalising problems and academic adjustment at age 15

Outcome (age 15)	Model	Predictor (age 13)	Adjusted† B (SE)	Adjusted† ß (95% CI)	Model R²
Antisocial behaviour
Drug use	1	Witnessing total violence	0.08 (0.02)***	0.09 (0.04 to 0.14)	0.16
	2	Witnessing covert violence	0.05 (0.02)*	0.07 (0.02 to 0.12)	0.16
	3	Witnessing minor violence	0.04 (0.01)*	0.05 (0.01 to 0.10)	0.16
	4	Witnessing major violence	0.08 (0.02)***	0.09 (0.04 to 0.14)	0.16
Delinquency	1	Witnessing total violence	0.64 (0.25)*	0.07 (0.02 to 0.12)	0.16
	2	Witnessing covert violence	0.61 (0.19)***	0.08 (0.03 to 0.12)	0.17
	3	Witnessing minor violence	0.03 (0.14)	0.00 (−0.04 to 0.04)	0.17
	4	Witnessing major violence	1.01 (0.30)***	0.11 (0.05 to 0.17)	0.16
Emotional distress
Social anxiety	1	Witnessing total violence	0.04 (0.02)‡	0.04 (0.00 to 0.09)	0.25
	2	Witnessing covert violence	0.02 (0.01)‡	0.03 (0.00 to 0.06)	0.25
	3	Witnessing minor violence	0.03 (0.01)*	0.05 (0.00 to 0.09)	0.25
	4	Witnessing major violence	0.03 (0.02)	0.03 (−0.02 to 0.08)	0.25
Depressive symptoms	1	Witnessing total violence	0.62 (0.32)‡	0.05 (0.00 to 0.11)	0.11
	2	Witnessing covert violence	0.36 (0.23)	0.04 (−0.01 to 0.08)	0.12
	3	Witnessing minor violence	0.46 (0.16)**	.006 (0.02 to 0.09)	0.11
	4	Witnessing major violence	0.56 (0.31)‡	0.05 (0.00 to 0.10)	0.11
Academic adjustment
School achievement	1	Witnessing total violence	0.44 (0.32)	0.03 (−0.01 to 0.08)	0.35
	2	Witnessing covert violence	0.13 (0.26)	0.01 (−0.03 to 0.06)	0.35
	3	Witnessing minor violence	0.22 (0.21)	0.02 (−0.02 to 0.07)	0.35
	4	Witnessing major violence	0.46 (0.28)	0.04 (−0.01 to 0.08)	0.35
School engagement	1	Witnessing total violence	−0.05 (0.02)*	−0.06 (−0.10 to −0.01)	0.22
	2	Witnessing covert violence	−0.02 (0.01)‡	−0.04 (−0.07 to 0.00)	0.22
	3	Witnessing minor violence	−0.04 (0.01)**	−0.06 (−0.11 to −0.02)	0.22
	4	Witnessing major violence	−0.02 (0.02)	−0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03)	0.22

*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.
†All models are adjusted for concurrent victimisation at age 13, child sex and place of birth, as well as baseline values (at age 12) for family adversity, fluid intelligence, grade retention in elementary school, communication with parents, parental supervision, conflict with parents, peer deviancy and peer school disengagement.
‡P<0.10.