Table 2

Regression coefficients (95% CIs) from linear mixed models of depressive symptoms in the NEXT Generation Health Study, waves 1–6 (n=2752)

CharacteristicAge-adjusted*Model 1†Model 2‡Model 3 §Model 4 ¶
Neighbourhood
Gini coefficient of income inequality** ††
 Lowest quartileReferentReferentReferentReferentReferent
 Second quartile0.17 (−0.35 to 0.69)0.10 (−0.43 to 0.64)0.10 (−0.45 to 0.64)0.10 (−0.45 to 0.66)0.15 (−0.43 to 0.73)
 Third quartile−0.23 (−0.79 to 0.33)−0.33 (−0.90 to 0.23)−0.41 (−1.00 to 0.17)−0.38 (−0.98 to 0.21)−0.34 (−0.96 to 0.28)
 Highest quartile−0.34 (−0.93 to 0.24)−0.43 (−1.02 to 0.16)−0.56 (−1.18 to 0.05)−0.46 (−1.14 to 0.22)−0.43 (−1.14 to 0.29)
 F, df=3 (P)1.3 (0.26)1.7 (0.18)2.4 (0.07)1.6 (0.18)1.6 (0.18)
Median household income** ††
 Lowest quartile−0.31 (−0.92 to 0.30)−0.46 (−1.09 to 0.17)−0.54 (−1.20 to 0.11)−0.30 (−1.01 to 0.42)−0.27 (−1.19 to 0.64)
 Second quartile0.10 (−0.51 to 0.72)0.03 (−0.60 to 0.65)−0.06 (−0.68 to 0.57)0.03 (−0.63 to 0.69)0.06 (−0.68 to 0.80)
 Third quartile−0.26 (−0.81 to 0.30)−0.28 (−0.86 to 0.31)−0.36 (−0.92 to 0.20)−0.29 (−0.87 to 0.28)−0.27 (−0.88 to 0.34)
 Highest quartileReferentReferentReferentReferentReferent
 F, df=3 (P)1.0 (0.39)1.3 (0.27)1.5 (0.22)0.8 (0.50)0.7 (0.53)
Social Fragmentation Index** ††
 Lowest quartileReferentReferentReferent
 Second quartile0.22 (−0.28 to 0.72)0.12 (−0.40 to 0.64)0.06 (−0.54 to 0.66)
 Third quartile−0.32 (−0.95 to 0.31)−0.49 (−1.16 to 0.18)−0.56 (−1.39 to 0.27)
 Highest quartile0.17 (−0.52 to 0.87)0.03 (−0.75 to 0.82)0.06 (−0.95 to 1.07)
 F, df=3 (P)1.3 (0.27)1.6 (0.20)1.7 (0.17)
Percentage of minority residents** ††
 Lowest quartileReferentReferentReferentReferent
 Second quartile0.54 (0.02 to 1.06)0.45 (−0.07 to 0.97)0.61 (0.07 to 1.16)0.66 (0.09 to 1.23)
 Third quartile0.66 (−0.06 to 1.37)0.48 (−0.31 to 1.26)0.71 (−0.08 to 1.50)0.88 (0.01 to 1.74)
 Highest quartile0.19 (−0.63 to 1.01)−0.07 (−1.00 to 0.86)0.14 (−0.79 to 1.07)0.32 (−0.66 to 1.31)
 F, df=3 (P)2.0 (0.12)1.7 (0.16)2.6 (0.05)2.5 (0.06)
Respondent/Family
Age, per year**−0.08 (−0.17 to 0.00)−0.08 (−0.16 to 0.01)
Male sex−4.95 (−5.62 to −4.29)−4.94 (−5.61 to -4.27)−4.95 (−5.62 to −4.28)
Race or ethnicity
 Non-Hispanic WhiteReferentReferentReferent
 Non-Hispanic Black/African American0.83 (−0.13 to 1.80)0.38 (−0.68 to 1.43)0.41 (−0.73 to 1.55)
 Hispanic or Latino0.18 (−0.72 to 1.09)0.17 (−0.84 to 1.18)0.19 (−0.87 to 1.25)
 Other2.58 (0.97 to 4.19)2.22 (0.61 to 3.84)2.22 (0.58 to 3.86)
 F, df=3 (P)3.9 (0.01)2.6 (0.05)2.5 (0.06)
Family affluence
 Low0.51 (−0.44 to 1.45)0.60 (−0.33 to 1.53)0.59 (−0.35 to 1.54)
 Moderate−0.09 (−0.95 to 0.77)0.13 (−0.72 to 0.98)0.13 (−0.71 to 0.98)
 HighReferentReferentReferent
 F, df=2 (P)1.1 (0.35)1.0 (0.38)0.9 (0.40)

  • *Each variable is modelled separately, adjusted only for respondent age.

  • †Each neighbourhood characteristic is analysed in a separate regression adjusted for respondent-level and family-level covariates.

  • ‡Income inequality and median household income are modelled separately, each adjusted for respondent-level/family-level and neighbourhood-level covariates.

  • §Income inequality and median household income are modelled simultaneously, adjusted for respondent-level/family-level and neighbourhood-level covariates.

  • ¶All neighbourhood, respondent-level and family-level characteristics are entered simultaneously into a single model.

  • **Age and neighbourhood characteristics are modelled as time-varying.

  • ††All neighbourhood measures at each wave were standardised to a mean of 0 and SD of 1 in all US census tracts.